Charge states for protons moving in an electron gas: intra-atomic correlation and surface effects

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Intra-atomic correlation and surface effects on the charge states of protons moving in an electron gas have been analysed. The main conclusion is that surface effects are of primary importance to the understanding of the experimental charge fractions of protons moving at low velocities. By means of a simple model, the authors have shown that proton velocities can be correlated with those effective electron densities determining the charge states of protons.