Abstract
In this study, polypyrrole (Ppy) electrodes were prepared to support an electrical stimulation to MC3T3-E1 cells for regulating their osteogenic differentiation. The charge injection capacity (CQ) of the Ppy electrodes could be adjusted by the Ppy thickness, and a higher CQ could make the electrode able to produce a higher charge injection quantity (Qinj) at applied voltage. The Qinj onto electrode could be considered as the intensity of the stimulation pulse to cells, and the pulse frequency means the number of electric stimulation with Qinj at one second. Hence, we conducted the present work in the view of Qinj. When the cells were electrically stimulated for 1 hour per day, the electrodes with Qinj ranged in 0.08–0.15 μQ had an obvious role in enhancing cellular osteogenic differentiation whereas Qinj of lower than 0.03 μQ or more than 0.30 μQ gave the stimulations with no or negative effects. And the stimulation with 1 or 25 Hz showed to enhance the differentiation, whereas the stimulation with 50 Hz gave an inhibiting effect. We further found the osteogenic differentiation potential triggered by electrical simulation was related to cell growth stage, and the stimulation carried out at early stage (day 2–5) during 8 days cell culture showed more contribution to enhancing osteogenic differentiation than that at later stage (day 6–8). It is proposed that the desired stimulation effects require that an appropriate voltage-gated calcium ion channel and efficient intracellular calcium ion oscillation are well activated. This work therefore reveals Qinj as an important electrode parameter to decide effective simulations and provides an insight into understanding of the role of electrode material characters in regulating cellular osteogenic differentiation during stimulation.
Highlights
Electric elds are believed to play a critical role in major biological processes such as embryogenesis, muscle contraction, wound healing and tissue regeneration.[1,2,3] Inspired by the natural electrical properties of bone, an electric eld stimulation generated by exogenous electric devices demonstrates a great potential to regulate osteogenic functions of stem and osteoblast-like cells and promote bone growth.[4,5,6,7,8,9,10] To generate an effective electrical stimulation, the electric devices/ electrodes and material selections are crucial
McCullen et al used a gold electrode with interdigitated shape to deliver stimulation under alternating electric eld of 1 V cmÀ1, and the results showed an increase in cellular osteogenic differentiation potential of human adipose-derived stem cells.[4]
Charge injection capacity (CQ) of polypyrrole (Ppy) electrodes could be tuned by electro-polymerization controlled Ppy thickness
Summary
Electric elds are believed to play a critical role in major biological processes such as embryogenesis, muscle contraction, wound healing and tissue regeneration.[1,2,3] Inspired by the natural electrical properties of bone, an electric eld stimulation generated by exogenous electric devices demonstrates a great potential to regulate osteogenic functions of stem and osteoblast-like cells and promote bone growth.[4,5,6,7,8,9,10] To generate an effective electrical stimulation, the electric devices/ electrodes and material selections are crucial. Compared with traditional parallel electrodes, planar interdigitated electrodes (IDE) integrate the pairing electrodes onto the same plane and Various materials have been served as electrodes with different electric eld intensities (or voltages) for electrical stimulation in osteogenic functions.
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