Abstract
Drought is an environmental disaster related to the extremes (on a drier side) in hydrometeorology. The precipitation amount modulates drought in Nepalese river basins. It is vital for efficient water resources management to quantify and understand drought. This paper aims to characterize the droughts in Nepal based on standard precipitation index (SPI) and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) using daily precipitation data and assess their impacts on annual crop yields. We used 41 years (1975–2015) of daily precipitation data to compute monthly means and then the drought indices, namely, SPI and RAI, at 123 stations across Nepal. Results showed that the northwest and eastern regions experienced drought compared to other regions, although the severity and duration were shorter. For stations 101 and 308, we found extreme drought events after 2005 for SPI-1, SPI-3, and SPI-6. However, for SPI-6, extreme drought was also observed in 1989 and 1994 at both stations. The year 1992 was one of the severest drought years for the western and northwest regions, where the severity crossed more than −2.0 for all SPI months. Similar to SPI, RAI also revealed a similar degree of drought in the country. RAI showed that the eastern region depicted a higher degree of severity of drought compared to other areas beyond 2004. The lesser severity is also seen in the far west part beyond 2005. The results showed that SPI and RAI could equally be used to analyze drought severity. More frequent drought incidents have been observed after 2010 at all the considered precipitation stations. With the increase in the drought severity, the crop yield (such as paddy, maize, barley, millet, and wheat) has been directly impacted. These results might be significant for planning water resource and irrigation water management systems.
Highlights
Drought is a recurrent natural hazard caused by precipitation deficiency resulting in damage to crops, water resources, economies, and human lives [1] over an extended space-time domain
Meteorological drought is defined as the lack of precipitation over a region for a more extended period, and hydrological drought is related to the low water supply in streams, reservoirs, and groundwater levels [9]
Socioeconomic drought is associated with the inability of water resources systems to meet water demands [10,11]
Summary
Drought is a recurrent natural hazard caused by precipitation deficiency resulting in damage to crops, water resources, economies, and human lives [1] over an extended space-time domain. Drought has a significant impact on various aspects of the global ecosystem [2–5]. The drought phenomena can be meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, or/and socio-economic [6–8]. Meteorological drought is defined as the lack of precipitation over a region for a more extended period, and hydrological drought is related to the low water supply in streams, reservoirs, and groundwater levels [9]. Agricultural drought usually refers to declining soil moisture and consequent crop failure without reference to surface water resources. Socioeconomic drought is associated with the inability of water resources systems to meet water demands [10,11].
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