Abstract
AbstractWe investigate two operators on classes of regular languages: polynomial closure (\(Pol\)) and Boolean closure (\(Bool\)). We apply these operators to classes of group languages \(\mathcal {G}\) and to their well-suited extensions \(\mathcal {G} ^+\), which is the least Boolean algebra containing \(\mathcal {G} \) and \(\{\varepsilon \}\). This yields the classes \(Bool(Pol(\mathcal {G}))\) and \(Bool(Pol(\mathcal {G} ^+))\) . These classes form the first level in important classifications of classes of regular languages, called concatenation hierarchies, which admit natural logical characterizations. We present generic algebraic characterizations of these classes. They imply that one may decide whether a regular language belongs to such a class, provided that a more general problem called separation is decidable for the input class \(\mathcal {G}\). The proofs are constructive and rely exclusively on notions from language and automata theory.KeywordsRegular languagesGroup languagesConcatenation hierarchiesMembership
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