Characterization of the Orai-Calmodulin Interaction as Potential Mediator of Calcium-Dependent Orai-Channel Inactivation

Abstract

Calcium is an important second messenger involved in many cellular processes such as cell proliferation, T-cell activation, muscle contraction, egg fertilization, or apoptosis. Calcium entry into non-excitable cells is mainly carried by store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, whereby Orai was found to be the calcium channel in the plasma membrane and the stromal interaction molecule (STIM) to act as a calcium sensor in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), and as an activator of Orai channels. A reduction of Ca2+ in the ER causes STIM to oligomerize, enabling its accumulation at the ER-plasma membrane junctions where it binds directly to Orai to open the Ca2+-channel. Compared with activation, much less is known about the mechanisms underlying Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) processes. It has been proposed that binding of calmodulin (CaM) to a highly conserved N-terminal segment of Orai1 adjacent to its first transmembrane helix is critical for CDI. Hereby it is assumed that CaM acts in concert with STIM1 and the N terminus of Orai1 to evoke rapid CRAC channel inactivation. However, the molecular basis of these interactions remains unclear. In this study, the interaction between calmodulin and the N-terminal fragment of Orai1 and its homologue Orai3 was studied by Single Molecule Recognition Force Spectroscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance, and Microscale Thermophoresis. Both Orai fragments showed a calcium-dependent and highly specific interaction with calmodulin, with slightly longer bond lifetimes and lower dissociation rate constants for Orai3 than for Orai1. Our data support a switch between a 1:1 and a 1:2 binding stoichiometry between CaM and Orai1/3. The latter occurs at low CaM concentration, has much higher affinity, and takes much longer to disscociate after removal of Ca2+ by EGTA. By comparison, only 1:1 binding with high affinity was found between CaM and smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase. This emphasizes the importance of the unique amino acid sequence of the conserved N-terminal Orai segment for high CaM affinity and CDI. This work was supported by the state of Upper Austria (project DK NanoCell).