Abstract
This work analyzed the effectiveness of two electrical geophysical methods in characte-rizing tailings dams. A large flotation cell used for sludge thickening in the concentration plant of the Federico Mine (closed in 1985) within the old mining district of La Carolina (southeastern Spain) was selected for this research. In addition to the direct information provided by the geology of the study area and the surface exposure of the waste deposits, information regarding the construction of this mining structure was available, which helped in the interpretations of the geophysical survey data. In this study, two geophysical surveying methods were used simultaneously: Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization (IP). Six profiles were acquired, processed, and interpreted. The length of the profiles allowed the obtaining of data reaching maximum investigation depths ranging between 7 and 65 m. These profiles provided information for a detailed analysis of the internal characteristics of the deposited materials. The lateral and vertical observed variations are linked to different degrees of moisture content. The study also defines the geometry of the top of the bedrock and the tectonics that affect the pouring/dumping hole. Old flotation sludge has resistivity values that range between 1 and 100 Ωm (i.e., wet waste 1–30 Ωm, dry waste 30–100 Ωm), while phyllites in the rocky substrate have resistivities larger than 200 Ωm and can even reach va-lues greater than 1000 Ωm. Between the waste and unaltered phyllites, there is a supergene alteration zone (weathering) with resistivity values between 100 and 200 Ωm. The IP method was used to detect the presence of metals in the accumulated waste in the pond by analyzing the presence of large chargeability anomalies. Anomalies were detected in four of the profiles, which ranged from low (i.e., between 0 and 8 mV/V) to medium (i.e., between 8 and 18 mV/V) and high values (i.e., 18 and >30 mV/V).
Highlights
Mineralized veins in the mining district of Linares and La Carolina (SE Spain) are enriched in metallic sulfides, mainly galena (PbS), and have been exploited by underground mining since pre-Roman times until the third quarter of the 20th century, when the last mine closed
In the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain), Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been used to evaluate tailings ponds created during the concentration of massive sulfides and the generation of acidic waters [19,20,21]
Two electrical geophysical methods (ERT and induced polarization (IP)) were used in an integrated manner to analyze their capability to model the inner structure of tailings dams
Summary
Mineralized veins in the mining district of Linares and La Carolina (SE Spain) are enriched in metallic sulfides, mainly galena (PbS), and have been exploited by underground mining since pre-Roman times until the third quarter of the 20th century, when the last mine closed. Geophysical methods have been successfully used in mining research: Gravimetry [10,11], magnetometry [10,11], electrical [12], electromagnetic [13], and seismic [14,15] In recent years, these techniques have been applied to evaluate and resolve environmental problems associated with mining activity and the generated waste. In the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain), ERT has been used to evaluate tailings ponds created during the concentration of massive sulfides and the generation of acidic waters [19,20,21] These methodologies have been used in other mining districts worldwide. FFiigguurree 11.. ((aa)) LLooccaattiioonn ooff tthhee FFeeddeerriiccoo mmiinnee ddaamm ((wwhhiittee bbooxx)).. ((bb)) FFeeddeerriiccoo DDaamm aanndd llooccaattiioonn ooff tthhee iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn pprrooffiilleess.. ((cc)) GGeeoollooggiiccaall ccaarrttooggrraapphhyy ((bbaasseedd oonn tthhee wwoorrkk ooff CCaasstteellllóóaannddOOrrvviizziinn11997766))sshhoowwiinnggtthheeppoossiittiioonnoofftthheessttuuddiieeddsseeccttoorr
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