Abstract
ABSTRACTRed-flesh navel orange “Cara Cara” is attractive for customers with its bright red color and has been widely planted in China. In this study, phenolic compounds in “Cara Cara” harvested from five different regions were identified and quantified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with Quadrupole-Time of Flight -Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-ESI-MSn). Their antioxidant abilities were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assays. Twenty phenolics were detected in crude extraction, with hesperidin (29.36–44.06%) as the dominant component, followed by narirutin (13.44–17.03%) and apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside (8.28–12.38%). No free phenolic acid was found in crude extracts and three free phenolic acids (FPA) were determined through alkaline hydrolysis, wherein ferulic acid (86.22–90.49%) existed dominantly. Fujian “Cara Cara” showed the highest total phenolic index (TPI) and total flavonoid index (TFI) values, while the lowest TPI and TFI values were detect in Chongqing “Cara Cara”. DPPH value showed positive correlation with TPC value (r2 = 0.921), while no correlation was found between ORAC and phenolic contents.
Highlights
A large group of secondary metabolitesin plants, have aroused great scientific interest for their significant antioxidant activity. [1,2] Citrus fruits and juices are the common sources of natural phenolic compounds, which mainly include flavanone-O-glycosides, flanvone-O, or -C-glycosides. [1,3] The composition and antioxidant activity of phenolics have been widely investigated in several citrus varieties such as mandarin, sweet orange, lemon, grapefruit, pummel, and tangerine. [4,5]
[11] The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the phenolics in “Cara Cara” from five typical citrus growing regions of China by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Q-TOF-ESI-MSn, and compare their antioxidant abilities based on 2,2
Phenolic compounds in “Cara Cara” collected from five different regions of China were adequately identified and quantified by UPLC coupled with Q-TOF-ESI-MSn, with 20 phenolics detected in crude extracts
Summary
A large group of secondary metabolitesin plants, have aroused great scientific interest for their significant antioxidant activity. [1,2] Citrus fruits and juices are the common sources of natural phenolic compounds, which mainly include flavanone-O-glycosides, flanvone-O-, or -C-glycosides. [1,3] The composition and antioxidant activity of phenolics have been widely investigated in several citrus varieties such as mandarin, sweet orange, lemon, grapefruit, pummel, and tangerine. [4,5]“Cara Cara”, a kind of lycopene-accumulated sweet orange mutated from Washington Navel orange, was first introduced to China in the 1990s and widely planted in Hubei, Fujian, Chongqing, Jiangxi, and Hunan provinces of China. [1,3] The composition and antioxidant activity of phenolics have been widely investigated in several citrus varieties such as mandarin, sweet orange, lemon, grapefruit, pummel, and tangerine. [7,8] The detailed phenolic profiles of “Cara Cara” fruits have not been adequately studied. Due to the accumulation of lycopene, “Cara Cara” fruits display an attractive bright red color, which makes them appealing to customers. Except for their contribution to human health, phenolics are beneficial for plant itself, acting as attractants, feeding deterrents, stress-protecting agents, and physiological active compounds.
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