Characterization of particulate matters and total VOC emissions from a binder jetting 3D printer

Abstract

Binder jetting 3D printing is a popular type of additive manufacturing and a powerful tool for creating parts and prototypes. Due to continuous movement of dry powders inside printer chambers and injection of resin-like binder fluid during printing, binder jetting 3D printers are a potential emission source of fine particulate matters (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, real-time measurements of total VOC (TVOCs) and aerosol (10 nm–10 μm) during a 2-h continuous operation of a binder jetting printer were incorporated into a time-varying mass balance model to obtain the emission rates. The particle sizes between 205 and 407 nm had the highest emission rates by count. Time weighted average PM2.5 and PM10 and TVOC over a 24-h period all exceeded the USEPA ambient air quality standards. Continuous operation of the 3D printer led to a PM2.5 level 10 times greater than the standard (344 vs 35 μg/m3) and a PM10 level 3 times higher than the standard (474 vs 150 μg/m3). TVOC concentrations with a maximum value of 1725 μg/m3 exceeded upper limit concentrations recommended by the Environment Institute of European Commission, and USGBC-LEED. Ultrafine particles emitted from the binder jetting 3D printer were 104–105 times lower than those from typical fused deposition modeling (FDM) type of 3D printers using polylactic acid (PLA), but production of particles larger than 200 nm was significantly higher. The results suggest installing binder jetting 3D printers in an enclosure with proper ventilation for reducing the health risks.