Abstract
Bacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents constitute an attractive source of bioactive molecules. In particular, exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by these bacteria become a renewable source of both biocompatible and biodegradable molecules. The low molecular weight (LMW) derivatives of the GY785 EPS produced by the deep-sea hydrothermal vent strain Alteromonas infernus have previously displayed some biological properties, similar to those of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), explored in cancer and tissue engineering. These GAG-mimetic derivatives are obtained through a free radical depolymerization process, which could, however, affect their structural integrity. In a previous study, we have shown that A. infernus produces depolymerizing enzymes active on its own EPS. In the present study, an enzymatic reaction was optimized to generate LMW derivatives of the GY785 EPS, which could advantageously replace the present bioactive derivatives obtained by a chemical process. Analysis by mass spectrometry of the oligosaccharide fractions released after enzymatic treatment revealed that mainly a lyase activity was responsible for the polysaccharide depolymerization. The repeating unit of the GY785 EPS produced by enzyme cleavage was then fully characterized.
Highlights
IntroductionPolysaccharides are macromolecules present ubiquitously in plant (cellulose, pectin) [1], seaweed (alginate, carrageenan) [2,3], and animal (hyaluronan, chitin) [4] tissues
Polysaccharides are macromolecules present ubiquitously in plant [1], seaweed [2,3], and animal [4] tissues
To generate low molecular weight (LMW) EPS derivatives that are usually prepared through free radical depolymerization process, the enzymatic method was applied to the native high molecular weight (HMW) GY785 EPS
Summary
Polysaccharides are macromolecules present ubiquitously in plant (cellulose, pectin) [1], seaweed (alginate, carrageenan) [2,3], and animal (hyaluronan, chitin) [4] tissues. Molecules 2019, 24, 3441 substituents, such as acetate, succinic, pyruvic acid, sulfate and phosphate groups [6] All these structural features are crucial for the functional, i.e., physico-chemical and biological properties of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Polysaccharides from animal tissues belonging to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family (heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid) are well recognized for their ability to regulate many biological processes. They are localized on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues, where they are involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions [9]. GAG are able to interact with several proteins, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and enzymes
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