Abstract
Collagenous biomaterials that are clinically applied in dentistry have dermis-type and membrane-type, both of which are materials for promoting bone and soft tissue formation. The properties of materials supplied with different types could affect their biodegradation periods. The purpose of this study was to characterize five of these products by four different methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), 0.01 wt% collagenase dissolution test, and subcutaneous implantation test in vivo. SEM micrographs revealed that both dermis and membranous materials were fibrous and porous. The membranous materials had higher specific derivative thermal gravimetry (DTG) peak temperatures in TG-DTA at around 320 °C, longer collagenase dissolution time ranging from about 300 to 500 min, and more longevity in mice exceeding 9 weeks than the dermis materials. There existed a correlation between the peak temperature in TG-DTA and the collagenase dissolution time. It was considered that higher cross-link degree among collagen fibrils of the membrane-type collagenous materials might account for these phenomena. The experimental protocol and numerical results obtained could be helpful for selection and future development of fibrous collagenous biomaterials in clinical use.
Highlights
Mechanobiology has been an important considering matter of collagenous biomaterials, especially for tendon repair using collagen-based scaffold, with which tendon stem cells can be simultaneously applied to the repairing area, susceptible to high mechanical stress [44]. With reference to these findings, the purpose of this study was undertaken to conduct scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations to provide vivid morphological images, thermogravimetrydifferential thermal analysis (TG-Differential thermal analysis (DTA)) to unveil structural state and level of cross-linking of collagen, collagenase dissolution tests to represent in vitro chemical durability, and subcutaneous implantation tests to show the direct in vivo longevity using five commercially available collagenous products in dental practice
The combined specific derivative thermal gravimetry (DTG) peak temperature appeared to imply the degree of cross-linking of collagen products; Collagenase dissolution tests directly indicated the level of cross-linking of collagen products, ranging from about 40 to 500 min; Subcutaneous implantation tests showed direct in vivo longevity of collagenous biomaterials; and
The numerical data obtained from the thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and collagenase dissolution tests might be newly indicative of the degree of cross-linking of the collagenous biomaterials, that is influential in determining the clinical performance of the collagenous biomaterials in terms of biodegradation and material life span
Summary
Collagenous biomaterials are widely used as artificial dermis, filling materials for tooth extraction socket and membranes for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) [13,14,15,16,17,18]. The sponge-like dermis materials stay for at least 4 weeks in humans, while the membranous materials remain for about 6 to 24 weeks [18,19,20,21,22] These collagenous biomaterials are frequently utilized in clinical use, the morphology, structure, level of cross-linking and in vitro/in vivo durability of them have not been well simultaneously scrutinized yet [23].
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