Abstract
The production of bioadsorbent from palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS) pretreated with 30% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). Iodine adsorption for both bioadsorbents was optimized by central composite design. Two parameters including the H3PO4 pretreatment temperature and carbonization temperature were determined as significant factors to improve the iodine adsorption of the bioadsorbent. Statistical analysis results divulge that both factors had significant effect on the iodine adsorption for the bioadsorbent. From the RSM analysis, it was suggested that using 80 and 79°C as H3PO4 pretreatment temperature and 714 and 715°C as carbonization temperature would enhance the iodine adsorption of the CS and PKS bioadsobent, respectively. These results indicated that H3PO4 is a good pretreatment for preparing PKS and CS prior to carbonization process to produce bioadsorbent with well-developed microporous and mesoporous volume. The effort to produce alternative high grade and inexpensive adsorbent derived from lignocellulosic biomass, particularly in the nut shell form was implied in this research.
Highlights
The expeditious industrialization and inadequate effluent treatment processes in various industries are creating a huge amount of low quality of water to water bodies
The physico-chemical properties of bioadsorbent derived from pretreated coconut shell (CS) and palm kernel shell (PKS) are summarized in table 1
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis reveals p ≤ 0.01 for the parameters: pretreatment temperature, carbonization temperature and pretreatment temperature × carbonization temperature claims that the models were strongly significant at the 99% confidence level for CS and PKS bioadsorbent
Summary
The expeditious industrialization and inadequate effluent treatment processes in various industries are creating a huge amount of low quality of water to water bodies. Merely applying carbonization process on PKS and CS will only slightly enhance the carbon content and develop the initial porosity in the bioadsorbent, which resulted with porosity that is still comparatively low compared to coal To address those problems, chemical pretreatment of PKS and CS by H3PO4 prior to carbonization was proposed in this study to obtain bioadsorbent with desired pore size distribution from inexpensive raw materials using low carbonization temperature and short time duration. The derivation of the bioadsorbent from lignocellulosic biomass with high adsorption properties would alleviate problems of waste management It provides a high-quality end product for wastewater treatment that could potentially expand the carbon market. Mechanisms responsible for the adsorption of the iodine onto the bioadsorbent will be discussed in this paper
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