Abstract
Pixelated semi-conductor detectors providing high energy resolution enable parallel acquisition of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) signals, potentially leading to performance enhancement of benchtop XRF imaging or computed tomography (XFCT) systems utilizing ordinary polychromatic x-ray sources. However, little is currently known about the characteristics of such detectors under typical operating conditions of benchtop XRF imaging/XFCT. In this work, a commercially available pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector system, HEXITEC (High Energy X-ray Imaging Technology), was characterized to address this issue. Specifically, HEXITEC was deployed into our benchtop cone-beam XFCT system, and used to detect gold Kα XRF photons from gold nanoparticle (GNP)-loaded phantoms. To facilitate the detection of XRF photons, various parallel-hole stainless steel collimators were fabricated and coupled with HEXITEC. A pixel-by-pixel spectrum merging algorithm was introduced to obtain well-defined XRF + scatter spectra with parallel-hole collimators. The effect of charge sharing addition (CSA) and discrimination (CSD) algorithms was also investigated for pixel-level CS correction. Finally, the detector energy resolution, in terms of the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values at two gold Kα XRF peaks (~68 keV), was also determined. Under the current experimental conditions, CSD provided the best energy resolution of HEXITEC (~1.05 keV FWHM), compared with CSA and no CS correction. This FWHM value was larger (by up to ~0.35 keV) than those reported previously for HEXITEC (at ~60 keV Am-241 peak) and single-crystal CdTe detectors (at two gold Kα XRF peaks). This investigation highlighted characteristics of HEXITEC as well as the necessity for application-specific detector characterization.
Highlights
Benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) computed tomography (XFCT) including XRF mapping is a promising technique for quantitative molecular imaging due to itsThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was yongqiang Zhao .availability under typical biomedical laboratory setting and economical instrumentation resulting from the use of polychromatic x-ray sources [1]
A recent study reported the use of HEXITEC to create a multi-detector array for singlephoton imaging applications [16]. While it proposed the use of such a multi-detector array for benchtop XRF imaging or computed tomography (XFCT), this study mainly focused on developing a multi-channel readout system, providing little information about the suitability of HEXITEC for typical benchtop XFCT imaging
The current research team has demonstrated the feasibility of this setup by Monte Carlo simulations [20]–[22] and experimental investigations[2], [11], while attempting to address the x-ray dose/scan time issue that holds the key for routine in vivo XRF/XFCT imaging with benchtop systems
Summary
Benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) computed tomography (XFCT) including XRF mapping is a promising technique for quantitative molecular imaging due to itsThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was yongqiang Zhao .availability under typical biomedical laboratory setting and economical instrumentation resulting from the use of polychromatic x-ray sources [1]. Benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) computed tomography (XFCT) including XRF mapping is a promising technique for quantitative molecular imaging due to its. S. Jayarathna et al.: Characterization of Pixelated CdTe Detector System object sequentially in steps to obtain a complete set of projection data [1]–[5]. Jayarathna et al.: Characterization of Pixelated CdTe Detector System object sequentially in steps to obtain a complete set of projection data [1]–[5] While it served well for establishing the proof of principles for benchtop XFCT, this approach typically leads to excessive x-ray dose and/or scan time during benchtop XFCT imaging sessions. For practical applications of benchtop XFCT such as in vivo imaging, alternative approaches are necessary to satisfactorily address the x-ray dose/scan time issue
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