Characterization and Source Apportionment of Ambient VOC Concentrations: Assessing Ozone Formation Potential in the Barnett Shale Oil and Gas Region

Abstract

Atmospheric concentration and distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC) are influenced by localized emissions and the fate and transport of secondary products formed through photochemical reactions. This study identifies the sources of VOC and its contribution to ozone formation in the Barnett Shale region, specifically in Denton, Texas, during the ozone seasons of 2015 through 2022. A total of 31 critical ozone precursor VOC compounds were observed at this site with an average total VOC concentration of 146 ppb-C, with n-alkanes from extensive oil and gas activities in the area contributing to 96.64% of the total VOC. Source apportionment using dispersion normalized positive matrix factorization (DN-PMF) identified eight VOC sources, with natural gas emissions (72%) being the dominant source followed by a combined source of natural gas combustion and aviation emissions (8.3%). Ozone formation potential (OFP) by VOC species was calculated using the Propylene-Equivalent concentration (propy-equiv) method. OFP calculated for all the apportioned sources highlighted that natural gas sources contributed significantly to the ozone formation in this region besides isoprene from biogenic sources and reactive alkenes from urban and industrial activities. This study underscores the critical role of slow-reacting n-alkanes along with other highly reactive VOC from urban and industrial sources influencing ambient air quality and it identifies strategies for mitigating ground-level ozone in urban areas affected by oil and gas extraction and production.