Characteristics of sprint, medium and long-distance swimmers.

Abstract

The physiological and anthropometric characteristics of 18 university class male swimmers are contrasted with parallel data for moderately active control subjects, and are discussed in relation to preferred swimming distance. The distance competitor is characterized by a large total lung capacity and forced vital capacity, a good absolute aerobic power, and an increased transverse chest diameter. A score, based on these variables plus an arbitrary assessment of skill shows a high coefficient of correlation (r=0.979) with overall performance as rated by a skilled coach. A similar rating for the sprint competitor can be based on knee extension force, upper arm circumference, F.E.V.1.0 (%), resting heart rate, and blood lactate following maximum exercise; these variables, together with an assessment of skill, correlate quite well (r=0.89) with overall performance. The use of such “physiological profiles” is suggested (i) to define the current weaknesses of the individual competitor, and (ii) to provide an objective counterbalance to coaching opinion.