Abstract
The summer ozone pollution of Shandong province has become a severe problem in the period 2014–2018. Affected by the monsoon climate, the monthly average ozone concentrations in most areas were unimodal, with peaks in June, whereas in coastal areas the concentrations were bimodal, with the highest peak in May and the second highest peak in September. Using the empirical orthogonal function method, three main spatial distribution patterns were found. The most important pattern proved the influences of solar radiation, temperature, and industrial structure on ozone. Spatial clustering analysis of the ozone concentration showed Shandong divided into five units, including Peninsula Coastal area (PC), Lunan inland area (LN), Western Bohai area (WB), Luxi plain area (LX), and Luzhong mountain area (LZ). Influenced by air temperature and local circulation, coastal cities had lower daytime and higher nighttime ozone concentrations than inland. Correlation analysis suggested that ozone concentrations were significantly positively correlated with solar radiation. The VOCs from industries or other sources (e.g., traffic emission, petroleum processing, and chemical industries) had high positive correlations with ozone concentrations, whereas NOx emissions had significantly negatively correlation. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of ozone pollution and theoretical reference for regional management of ozone pollution in Shandong province.
Highlights
Ozone is a common air pollutant in the boundary layer
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of ozone pollution and theoretical reference for regional management of ozone pollution in Shandong province
Based on the characteristics of ozone concentrations from 2014–2018, this study explored the spatial distribution types of ozone pollution in Shandong province using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and cluster analysis method
Summary
Ozone is a common air pollutant in the boundary layer. It is formed by photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx ) under sufficient light conditions [1,2]. Sedimentation from stratospheric and cross-regional transport are important sources of ground-level ozone [3]. As an extremely strong oxidant, ozone can regulate the life of chemical and climate-related trace materials by affecting their oxidation processes in the troposphere [4]. Long-term exposure to high ozone concentrations affects food crops and increases the risk of death by damaging the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the human body [5,6,7]. Due to its impacts on climate change, air quality, and human health, ground-level ozone is a cause of widespread concern
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