Characteristics of macroreentrant atrial tachycardias using an anatomical bypass: Pseudo-focal atrial tachycardia case series.

Abstract

Human atria comprise distinct layers. One layer can bypass another, and lead to a downstream centrifugal propagation at their interface. We sought to characterize anatomical substrates, electrophysiological properties, and ablation outcomes of "pseudo-focal" atrial tachycardias (ATs), defined as macroreentrant ATs mimicking focal ATs. We retrospectively analyzed left atrial ATs showing centrifugal propagation with postpacing intervals (PPIs) after entrainment pacing suggestive of a macroreentrant mechanism. A total of 22 patients had pseudo-focal ATs consisting of 15 perimitral and 7 roof-dependent flutters. A low-voltage area was consistently found at the collision site and colocalized with distinct anatomical structures like the: (1) coronary sinus-great cardiac vein bundle (27%),(2) vein of Marshall bundle (18%),(3) Bachmann bundle (27%),(4) septopulmonary bundle (18%), and (5) fossa ovalis (9%). The mean missing tachycardia cycle length (TCL) was 65 ± 31 ms (22%) on the endocardial activation map. PPI was 0 [0-15] ms and 0 [0-21] ms longer than TCL at the breakthrough site and the opposite site, respectively. While feasible in 21 pseudo-focal ATs (95%), termination was better achieved by blocking the anatomical isthmus than ablating the breakthrough site [20/21 (95%) vs. 1/5 (20%); p < .001]. Perimitral and roof-dependent flutters with centrifugal propagation are favored by a low-voltage area located at well-identified anatomical structures. Comprehensive entrainment pacing maneuvers are crucial to distinguish pseudo-focal ATs from true focal ATs. Blocking the anatomical isthmus is a better therapeutic option than ablating the breakthrough site.