Characteristics of bullying among adolescents in Ukraine after the full-scale russian invasion

The economic burden of disability due to occupational diseases is significant: the economic losses "due to health problems related to work" in the developed world exceed 1,25 trillion US dollars and amount to 4 to 6% of GDP. A large number of employees work in Ukraine in unfavorable conditions. The study analyzes the dynamics of disability due to occupational diseases in Ukraine for the period from 2015 to 2018 using the example of Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv and Donetsk regions. The results of the study proved that the indicators of disability due to occupational diseases in these areas have a pronounced upward trend. It has been determined that the number of injured or aggrieved persons who received occupational diseases in the Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv and Donetsk regions is 78.5% of the total number of those in Ukraine with occupational diseases. The proportion of those who were initially recognized as disabled due to occupational diseases increased in 2015-2018, increased in these areas and amounted in absolute numbers: in the Dnipropetrovsk region – 906 people (2018) against 705 people (2016); in the Lviv region – 273 people against 239 people, respectively; in Donetsk region – 193 people against 108 people, respectively. Primary disability rate for 2015-2018 period increased by 28.5% in Dnepropetrovsk to almost 50% in Donetsk region. The proportion of those who were initially recognized as disabled due to work injury in the Dnipropetrovsk region was 159 people (2018) against 123 people (2016); in the Lviv region: 42 people against 11 people, respectively; in the Donetsk region: 28 people against 11 people, respectively. The rate of primary disability due to work injury also increased by 29.2% in the Dnipropetrovsk region and by 53% in the Donetsk region. The number of persons with disabilities recognized for the first time depended on age and length of service in hazardous conditions. Persons with 10-19 years of work experience in 2015-2018 accounted for 89.2%. According to our data, 50.1% of workers aged 40 to 49 years are recognized as persons with disabilities, 40% – from 50 to 59 years of age. It is important that in 2018 in 5% of cases, an occupational disease caused disability among workers at the age of 39. In 2018 (as in 2016 and in 2017) in Ukraine, the main conditions that resulted in occupational diseases were: imperfection of mechanisms and working tools – 23.9%; the imperfection of the technological process - 19.5% and the ineffectiveness of the personal protective equipment – 13.5% of their total number. In the structure of disability due to occupational diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system occupied the 1st place; 2nd place – respiratory diseases; 3rd place – injuries and poisoning.

The article is devoted to the regional peculiarities of the distribution of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). It is established, that the most criminally affected by violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles, in absolute terms, include: (1) Dnipropetrovsk region, (2) Odesa region, (3) Kyiv region, (4) Kharkiv region, (5) Lviv region, (6) Kyiv, (7) Donetsk region, (8) Zaporizhia region, (9) Zhytomyr region, (10) Rivne region. The most criminally affected regions of Ukraine in terms of population include such regions as: Rivne region (crime intensity rate per 100 thousand population - 55.10), Kyiv region (50.28), Volyn region (47.64), Chernihiv region (44.83), Mykolaiv region (43.54), Poltava region (39.36), Vinnytsia region (38.90), Odesa region (38.52), Zhytomyr region (36.47) and Kherson region (36.47). The safest regions were: Luhansk region (9.90), Donetsk region (16.15), Kyiv region (23.33), Khmelnytsky region (28.39), Sumy region (28.53). Regions-leaders in the number of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles (Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)per 100,000 vehicles were Volyn region (271.43), Vinnytsia region (199.22), Rivne region (148.92), Chernihiv region (127.20), Transcarpathian region (126.15), Mykolaiv region (124.08), Zhytomyr region (110.98), Kyiv region (107.40), Chernivtsi region (106.22), Kherson region (105,56). The regions with the lowest number of these criminal offenses per 100,000 vehicles were: Luhansk region (38.05), Cherkasy region (57.96), Donetsk region (70.36), Dnipropetrovsk region (73.76) and Kyiv (49.79). It is hypothesized, that the regional peculiarities of the distribution of violations of traffic safety rules or operation of transport by persons driving vehicles are comprehensively influenced by the population of the region, the number of available vehicles, freight and passenger traffic, road length, the region's expenditures on road improvement, crossing the region with international and national highways of national importance

As part of the research topic “Forecasting the variability of climate-vulnerable areas in Ukraine in the coming decades” (state registration number 0118U000554) a study of spatio-temporal distribution of ice category (dangerous) and SHP (spontaneous) was conducted in Ukraine at the present stage of climate change. The purpose of this article is to study the distribution of ice deposits of large diameters, namely dangerous (DHP) and spontaneous (SHP) in Ukraine during the current stage of climate change. It was also necessary to summarize the information on the identifi ed losses and their nature from ice deposits of the spontaneous (SHP) category, registered in some regions of Ukraine during this time. Main material. Dangerous ice deposits of the category are quite common in Ukraine and are observed almost every year. They are most common in the winter months (December-February) and in late autumn in November, when they are found in at least half of the regions. During 2011-2019, they were territorially observed in most oblasts, especially in the western, central and eastern regions. In the south, such deposits were mostly observed in Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kherson oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In April, such deposits were observed only in the Carpathian region of Transcarpathia in Playa. During October 2011-2019, dangerous ice deposits were found only in the Carpathian region (Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankivsk regions), in some places in the center (Kirovohrad and Dnipropetrovsk regions) and in the south (Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson regions). Spontaneous ice deposition is observed in the territory not every month and year, but more o???? en in the cold period. The areas where they occur most o???? en are highlighted, namely in Transcarpathia at the Play weather station. However, there are places where such deposits also occurred quite often in the study period - in Lviv region (Kamyanka-Buzka, Rava-Ruska), Zhytomyr region (Olevsk, Zhytomyr), Mykolayiv region (Mykolayiv, Ochakiv), Donetsk region (Amvrosiyivka, Mariupol), Zaporizhzhia region (Zaporizhzhia, Huliaipole), the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Chornomorske, Opasne, Simferopol). Damage from ice deposits of the SHP category was observed in 4 years out of 9 studied at the facilities of the industrial complex, transport and utilities. The largest number of losses was recorded in 2014. Conclusions. It was found that the most common dangerous ice deposits during 2011-2019 were in January, February, December, where they were observed in 10 to 14 regions, and especially in March in 21 region. They were most common in the western, central and eastern regions, and in the south in Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Ice deposits of a spontaneous nature were mostly observed in the Zakarpatia region in Playa, as well as at some meteorological stations in Lviv, Zhytomyr, Mykolaiv, Donetsk, and Zaporizhzhia regions.

Background. The prevalence of thyroid diseases, including endemic goiter and autoimmune disorders, has been consi­dered by scientists for more than a century as a cause for reducing the working capacity of the population and also affects the cognitive ability of future generations. Geographically, Lviv region is in an endemic iodine deficiency zone, while Kyiv region suffered negative radiation exposure as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Since both factors affect the state of the thyroid system, the study on the levels of thyroid hormones among women in the specified areas makes it possible to identify the risks of thyroid pathologies and to develop a strategy for their prevention. The purpose of the study: to find out and analyze the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), glycated hemoglobin and indicators of lipid metabolism in women of Lviv and Kyiv regions. Materials and methods. One hundred and fifty women were examined, their average age was 48 ± 7 years. The criterion for inclusion in the study were: absence of diabetes or treatment for thyroid pathologies, as well as other serious diseases. The survey was conducted once, in July-August 2022. The level of pituitary TSH, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab), glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein was evaluated. Results. In examined women of the Kyiv region, the average TSH was 2.21 ± 0.30 mIU/l, while in those from the Lviv region it was within 2.42 ± 0.17 mIU/l (p > 0.05). A significant difference was found between the average values of TPO-Ab, some women had high levels of antibodies without manifestations of hypothyroidism and clinical complaints. The average value of TPO-Ab in patients from the Kyiv region was 81.21 ± 19.41 IU/ml and in women from the Lviv region it was 38.41 ± 5.97 IU/ml (р < 0,05). When analyzing carbohydrate metabolism, no significant changes were found between the levels of glycated hemoglobin in the examined women of Kyiv and Lviv regions, 5.81 ± 0.09 % and 5.66 ± 0.04 %, respectively (р > 0.05). Some women showed a slight increase in glycated hemoglobin over 5.6 %, which did not reach the level of 6.5 %. This group of examinees were at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and is characterized by the term “prediabetes”. Regarding lipid metabolism, we found no significant changes in the level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Conclusions. The conducted observation revealed differences in TSH, TPO-Ab indicators in healthy women living in Lviv and Kyiv regions. We can assume that the obtained results of Lviv region reflect the problems of the endemic zone of the Western regions of Ukraine. In turn, significantly higher levels of TPO-Ab among residents of Kyiv region are most likely a consequence of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which can still affect the health of the population of this region.

Prevalence, frequency, intensity, and location of cigarette use among adolescents in China from 2013–14 to 2019: Findings from two repeated cross-sectional studies

FigureTobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States, and nearly all tobacco use begins during youth and young adulthood.1,2 Among U.S. youths, cigarette smoking has declined in recent years; however, the use of some other tobacco products has increased,3 and nearly half of tobacco users use two or more tobacco products.4 CDC analyzed data from the 2013 National Youth Tobacco Survey to determine the prevalence of ever (at least once) and current (at least one day in the past 30 days) use of one or more of 10 tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, pipes, snus, bidis, kreteks, and dissolvable tobacco) among U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students. In 2013, 22.9 percent of high school students reported current use of any tobacco product, and 12.6 percent reported current use of two or more tobacco products; current use of combustible products (i.e., cigarettes, cigars, pipes, bidis, kreteks, and/or hookahs) was substantially greater (20.7%) than use of other types of tobacco. Also, 46.0 percent of high school students reported having ever tried a tobacco product, and 31.4 percent reported ever trying two or more tobacco products. Among middle school students, 3.1 percent reported current use of cigars, and 2.9 percent reported current use of cigarettes, with non-Hispanic black students more than twice as likely to report current use of cigars than cigarettes. Monitoring the prevalence of the use of all available tobacco products, including new and emerging products, is critical to support effective population-based interventions to prevent and reduce tobacco use among youths as part of comprehensive tobacco prevention and control programs. The National Youth Tobacco Survey is a cross-sectional, school-based, self-administered, pencil-and-paper questionnaire administered to U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students. Information is collected on tobacco control outcome indicators to monitor the impact of comprehensive tobacco control policies and programs5 and regulatory authorities of the Food and Drug Administration.6 A three-stage cluster sampling procedure was used to generate a nationally representative sample of students in grades 6-12. Of 250 schools selected for the 2013 National Youth Tobacco Survey, 187 (74.8%) participated, with a sample of 18,406 (90.7%) among 20,301 eligible students; the overall response rate was 67.8 percent. Participants were asked about ever and current use of cigarettes, cigars (defined as cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars), smokeless tobacco (defined as chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip), pipes, bidis, kreteks, hookah, snus, dissolvable tobacco, and e-cigarettes. Ever use was defined as ever trying a product, and current use was defined as using a product on one or more days during the past 30 days. For both ever use and current use, any tobacco use was defined as reporting the use of one or more tobacco products; use of two or more tobacco products was defined as reporting the use of two or more tobacco products in the specified time, current (in the past 30 days) or ever. Combustible tobacco was defined as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, bidis, kreteks, and/or hookahs. Noncombustible tobacco was defined as smokeless tobacco, snus, and/or dissolvable tobacco. A separate category was created for e-cigarette use. Data were adjusted for nonresponse and weighted to provide national prevalence estimates with 95 percent confidence intervals; statistically significant (p<0.05) differences between population subgroups were assessed using a t-test. Estimates for ever and current use are presented for each type of product, for any tobacco use, and for the use of two or more tobacco products by selected demographics for each school level (middle and high). In 2013, 22.9 percent of high school students reported current use of a tobacco product, including 12.6 percent who reported current use of two or more tobacco products. Among all high school students, cigarettes (12.7%) and cigars (11.9%) were the most commonly reported tobacco products currently used, followed by smokeless tobacco (5.7%), hookahs (5.2%), e-cigarettes (4.5%), pipes (4.1%), snus (1.8%), kreteks (0.8%), bidis (0.6%), and dissolvable tobacco (0.4%). Among high school students who identified as non-Hispanic white or Hispanic, cigarettes were the product most commonly used, whereas cigar use was more common for all other race/ethnicities. Cigar use among non-Hispanic black students was nearly 50 percent higher than cigarette use. Younger children are less likely to try tobacco than older children with the proportions of current any tobacco users and current users of two or more tobacco products being lower among middle school students (6.5% and 2.9%, respectively) than high school students (22.9% and 12.6%, respectively). Cigars (3.1%) and cigarettes (2.9%) were the most commonly reported tobacco products currently used by middle school students, followed by pipes (1.9%); smokeless tobacco (1.4%); e-cigarettes and hookahs (1.1%); and bidis, kreteks, and snus (0.4%). The proportions of ever users of any tobacco product and ever users of two or more tobacco products were higher among high school (46.0% and 31.4%, respectively) than middle school (17.7% and 9.4%, respectively) students. Combustible tobacco products were the most commonly used form of tobacco among both current and ever tobacco users. Among high school students, 20.7 percent currently used combustible products (13.5% combustible only; 3.4% combustible and noncombustible only; 2.7% combustible and e-cigarettes only; and 1.1% combustible, noncombustible, and e-cigarettes). Of all middle school students, 5.4 percent currently used combustible products (4.0% combustible only; 0.8% combustible and noncombustible only; 0.4% combustible and e-cigarettes only; and 0.2% combustible, noncombustible, and e-cigarettes). Current use of only e-cigarettes was 0.6 percent among high school students and 0.4 percent among middle school students. Continuing Efforts Needed In 2013, more than one in five high school students (22.9%) and more than one in 20 middle school students (6.5%) reported using a tobacco product on one or more days during the past 30 days. In addition, nearly half of high school students (46.0%) and almost one in five of middle school students (17.7%) had ever used tobacco. These findings indicate that continued efforts are needed to monitor and prevent the use of all forms of tobacco use among youths. Combustible tobacco use remains the most common type of tobacco use and causes most tobacco-related disease and death in the United States.1 Nine out of 10 high school current and ever tobacco users used a combustible tobacco product. There was lower use of only noncombustible tobacco products or only e-cigarettes among both current and ever tobacco users. However, noncombustible products also pose health risks.7 Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to combustible tobacco because it causes cancer and nicotine addiction.7 In addition, although the long-term impact of e-cigarette use on public health overall remains uncertain, the 2014 Surgeon General's report found that nicotine use can have adverse effects on adolescent brain development; therefore, nicotine use by youths in any form (whether combustible, smokeless, or electronic) is unsafe.1 Most youths who currently use tobacco believe that they will be able to stop using tobacco in the near future; unfortunately, however, many continue use well into adulthood.2 Youths who report use of multiple tobacco products are at higher risk for developing nicotine dependence; about two thirds (62.9%) of youths who use more than one tobacco product report tobacco dependence symptoms, compared with 36.0 percent of those who use one tobacco product.8 Thus, youths who use multiple tobacco products might be more likely to continue using tobacco into adulthood. Comprehensive youth tobacco-prevention programs that prevent initiation of all types of tobacco products are critical to protect youths from tobacco use and nicotine dependence. Possible Limitations The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations: First, data were collected only from youths who attended either public or private schools and might not be generalizable to all middle and high school-aged youths. Second, data were self-reported; thus, the findings are subject to recall and/or response bias. Third, current and ever tobacco use were estimated by including students who responded to using at least one of the 10 tobacco products included in the survey but might have had missing responses to any of the other nine tobacco products; missing responses were considered as nonuse, which might have resulted in conservative estimates. Fourth, nonresponse bias might have affected the results because the survey response rate was only 67.8 percent. Finally, estimates might differ from those derived from other nationally representative youth surveillance systems, in part because of differences in survey methods, survey type and topic, and age and setting of the target population. However, overall prevalence estimates are similar across the various youth surveys.2 Although substantial progress has been made in decreasing cigarette use among youths,2 overall tobacco use is still high, with one in five high school students currently using tobacco and nearly half reporting they have ever used a tobacco product. Ever using a tobacco product is a concern because even one-time use of tobacco is associated with increased long-term risks for becoming a regular user.2 In April 2014, FDA issued a proposed rule to extend its jurisdiction over the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products not currently regulated by FDA, which includes cigars, e-cigarettes, pipes, and hookahs.9 FDA is reviewing the comments received on this proposed rule. Full implementation of comprehensive tobacco control programs at CDC-recommended funding levels would be expected to result in further reductions in tobacco use and changes in social norms regarding the acceptability of tobacco use among U.S. youths.1,2,10 Additionally, considering how trends in tobacco product use and tobacco marketing changes, rigorous surveillance of all available forms of tobacco use by youths, particularly emerging products such as e-cigarettes, is essential. Rigorous surveillance of the use of all types of tobacco will inform enhanced prevention efforts that could protect the estimated 5.6 million youths in the United States currently projected to die prematurely from a smoking-related disease.1 Reprinted (slightly adapted) from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2014;63;1021-1026.

The cluster analysis ofagricultural enterprises is made by region Ukraine. The analysis is made by the agricultural sector and its subsectors: plant-growing and animal husbandry. Homogenous regional zones characterizing the performance agricultural enterprises are identified. The clustering is made using SPPS software. In the problems involved in the cluster analysis Euclidean distance is used. The cluster analysis is used for constructing green maps illustrating the impact agricultural activities at enterprises on the production output of the agricultural sector and its subsectors: plant-growing and animal husbandry. The constructed dendrogram was used fo r creating two clusters showing low and high performance of the plant-growing sector. The first cluster includes 17 regions Ukraine have high performance along with low application mineral fertilizers: Vinnytsya region, Dnipropetrovsk region, Donetsk region, Zhytomyr region, Zaporizhzhya region, Kyiv region, Kirovohrad region, Luhansk region, Mykolaiv region, Odesa region, Poltava region, Sumy region, Kharkiv region, Kherson region, Khmelnytsk region, Cherkasy region, andChernihiv region. The second cluster includes 7 regions with low plant-growing performance along with intensive application mineral fertilizers: Volyn region, Transkarpaty region, Ivano- Frankivsk region, Lviv region, Rivne region, Ternopil region, Chernivtsi region. The characteristics of regional zones by agricultural production output, numbers cattle and poultry, and agriculture performance give evidence that in view ofthe similarity in the conditions their territories, they require similar measures aiming to improve business environment in the sector and mechanisms fo r the development agroindustrial complex in Ukraine.

Анотація. Метою статті є виокремлення проблем забезпечення регіональних ринків праці кваліфікованими кадрами і визначення шляхів ефективної взаємодії між закладами освіти та підприємствами. Теоретичне значення статті полягає в тому, що в ній на основі експериментального дослідження, яке проводилось у Донецькій області, було проаналізовано причини незадоволеності підприємств якістю підготовки робітничих кадрів; проаналізовано досвід співпраці закладів освіти і підприємств регіону; виокремлено бар’єри, які перешкоджують налагодженю ефективного партнерства між закладами освіти і підприємствами, спрямованого на забезпечення наявних і перспективних потреб ринку праці у кваліфікованих кадрах; проаналізовано рівень готовності підприємств регіону до співпраці із закладами у напрямі модернізації матеріально-технічної бази, стажування викладачів, спільної підготовки освітніх програм, підвищення кваліфікації персоналу; на основі аналізу результатів опитування роботодавців виокремлено професії, підготовку за якими доцільно започаткувати у закладах професійної освіти Донецької області; змодельовано модель компетенцій майбутнього кваліфікованого робітника (на прикладі професії «Слюсар з ремонту колісних транспортних засобів. Водій автотранспортних засобів (категорія «С»). Машиніст крана автомобільного»). Практичне значення статті полягає у тому, що на основі вивчення думки роботодавців Донецької області запропоновано рекомендації щодо підвищення ефективності взаємодії між закладами освіти і підприємствами Донецької області задля розв’язання проблеми підготовки кадрів для актуальних і перспективних потреб економіки регіону. Представлені рекомендації та модель дослідження можуть бути екстрапольовані на ефективний розвиток ринків праці інших регіонів країни. З’ясовано, що сучасний ринок праці, зокрема Донецької області, характеризується значнимями диспропорціями між попитом та пропозицією кадрів [практично за всіма вакансіями в розрізі професій зафіксований дефіцит, тобто пропозиція (чисельність безробітних) перевищує попит]. Найбільше не вистачає вакансій за професіями підсобного робітника, водія автотранспортних засобів, продавця продовольчих товарів, продавця непродовольчих товарів, кухаря. Натомість, дефіцитними професіями, які мають попит на ринку праці, є машиніст-обхідник з турбінного устаткування, слюсар з ремонту парогазотурбінного устаткування, машиніст-обхідник з котельного устаткування, електромонтер з обслуговування електроустновок, машиніст тістомісильних машин, монтажник санітарно-технічного устаткування, флорист, няня, електромонтер з ремонту та монтажу кабельних ліній, різальник труб і заготовок, пресувальник вогнетривких виробів. Визначено, що система підготовки майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у закладах освіти регіону потребує суттєвої модернізації, оскільки наразі існують суттєві невідповідності між рівнем підготовленості випускників до професійної діяльності та вимогами роботодавців. Складність адаптації випускників на робочих місцях пов’язується з браком у них певних професійних компетентностей та особистісних якостей, розвиткові яких мали б приділяти увагу у процесі первинної професійної підготовки в закладах, — практичної підготовки, досвіду, фахової підготовки, умотивованості до роботи. Дефіцитами також є відповідальність, самостійність, цілеспрямованість, низький рівень кваліфікації. З’ясовано, що співпраця між закладами освіти і роботодавцями й досі здійснюється у традиційних формах — проходження виробничої практики учнів закладів на базі підприємств, участь працівників підприємств в оцінюванні якості підготовки кадрів. Превалювання формальної взаємодії суттєво знажує якість підготовки кадрів для потреб регіональних ринків праці. Виокремлено напрями підготовки кадрів для актуальних і перспективних потреб регіону: машиніст екскаватора, автомеханік, електрогазозварник, слюсар-ремонтник, електромонтер, токар, машиніст крану, кухар-кондитер. У структурі моделі компетентностей майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників виокремлено базові та професійні компетентності, які забезпечуватимуть швидку адаптацію та ефективну роботу випускників на підприємтсвах регіону. Визначено, що для ефективного розвитку регіональних ринків праці та ефективної підготовки кадрів для них ключовим є реалізація ідеї публічно-приватного партнерства закладів освіти і підприємств-роботодавців, найбільш ефективними формами якої має бути співпраця в аспекті перегляду освітніх програм, консультування з питань їхнього змісту, методів і технологій освітнього процесу, надання рекомендацій щодо оновлення обладнання, надання навчально-методичних матеріалів, допомоги в оновленні бібліотечного фонду, баз даних, до забезпечення освітнього процесу в закладі (запрошення так званих гостьових спікерів), підвищення кваліфікації викладачів і майстрів виробничого навчання, спільної проєктної діяльності, здійснення профорієнтаційних заходів, організації екскурсій учнів та абітурієнтів на підприємства, інформування про можливості працевлаштування на підприємствах, лобіювання інтересів закладу на рівні органів місцевого самоврядування, участі у визначенні стратегії розвитку закладу, сприяння залученню додаткових джерел фінансування, створення дорадчо-консультативних органів управління закладом (консультативних рад зі спеціальності, наглядових рад тощо). Ключові слова: регіональні ринки праці, підготовка кадрів, заклади освіти, заклади професійної (професійно-технічної) освіти, ефективність, професійна підготовка. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 9.

Very limited evidence is available on the psychological impact of war on adolescents in Ukraine. This study compared war experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression in adolescents living in war-torn and peaceful regions of Ukraine, more than 2 years after Russia first invaded in2014. The cross-sectional study included 2,766 students aged 11-17 years living in the war-torn Donetsk region and in Kirovograd in central Ukraine. Self-reported PTSD, depression, and anxiety were assessed by Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Data were collected from September 2016 to January 2017. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association between PTSD, anxiety, and depression and regions. War trauma and daily stress were higher in adolescents in the Donetsk region; 881 (60.2%) adolescents had witnessed armed attacks, 204 (13.9%) were victims of violence, and 409 (27.9%) were forced to leave their homes. They also had significantly increased risks for PTSD (odds ratio [OR] 4.11, 95% CI 2.37-7.13), severe anxiety (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.83-5.27), and moderately severe/severe depression (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.79-3.92). Traumatic events and daily stress were strongly associated with psychological distress in adolescents living in a war-torn region in Ukraine. These findings can help in understanding, measuring, and addressing the long-term impact that the current escalating war in Ukraine will have on adolescents' mental health and social functioning.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased considerably among U.S. youths since 2011. Tobacco use among youths in any form, including e-cigarettes, is unsafe. Tobacco product advertising can persuade youths to start using tobacco. CDC analyzed data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette advertisement exposure among U.S. middle school and high school students. The 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey of middle school and high school students in grades 6-12, included 22,007 participants. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements (categorized as "sometimes," "most of the time," or "always") was assessed for four sources: retail stores, Internet, TV and movies, and newspapers and magazines. Weighted exposure estimates were assessed overall and by school type, sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. In 2014, 68.9% of middle and high school students (18.3 million) were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements from at least one source. Among middle school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (52.8%), followed by Internet (35.8%), TV and movies (34.1%), and newspapers and magazines (25.0%). Among high school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (56.3%), followed by Internet (42.9%), TV and movies (38.4%), and newspapers and magazines (34.6%). Among middle school students, 23.4% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.4% from two sources, 13.7% from three sources, and 11.9% from four sources. Among high school students, 21.1% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.0% from two sources, 14.5% from three sources, and 18.2% from four sources. Approximately seven in 10 U.S. middle and high school students were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements in 2014. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements might contribute to increased use of e-cigarettes among youths. Multiple approaches are warranted to reduce youth e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements, including efforts to reduce youth access to settings where tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, are sold, and regulation of youth-oriented e-cigarette marketing.

It is determined that school as a center of human capital formation, and as an institution requiring effective funding and management is the asset of the territorial community development. The main problems of the development of educational network of territorial communities in Lviv region related to the inconsistency of the educational network development to the demographic situation in the region, as well as the inefficient management system of educational institutions are identified in this paper. Non-optimized educational network is a burden on the development of the local community, as the community is forced to spend its own funds to finance educational needs, which in turn limits the funding of other activities, including infrastructure expenditures, development expenditures which are important for community life. The implementation of administrative and territorial decentralization reform faciliated the strengthening of local authorities role in educational infrastructure management, the increase of educational institutions autonomy and active public involvement in solving the problems of their management. The main tools for optimizing the educational network of local communities in the context of decentralization reform are identified and analyzed in this paper. The author considers them as: change of the principles of funding and transition to «funding per student», use of educational subvention and quantitative criteria for funding schools from the state budget, formation of educational districts and support institutions. Compared to other regions, Lviv region has dynamically reformed its educational network. However, the united territorial communities of Lviv region are less active founders of basic educational institutions than districts, and the students who study there, demonstrate lower level of knowledge in the assessment of the state final attestation and externally independent assessment. The influence of the educational subvention on the changes of the educational network in Lviv region is determined. It is determined that the use of buffers in the calculation of the index of financial capacity of the school network in 2021, significantly affected the level of differentiation of the index of financial capacity. This approach can be an obstacle to the optimization of the school network.

FigureElectronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are battery-powered devices that provide doses of nicotine and other additives to the user in an aerosol. Depending on the brand, e-cigarette cartridges typically contain nicotine, a component to produce the aerosol (e.g., propylene glycol or glycerol), and flavorings (e.g., fruit, mint, or chocolate).1 Potentially harmful constituents also have been documented in some e-cigarette cartridges, including irritants, genotoxins, and animal carcinogens.1 E-cigarettes that are not marketed for therapeutic purposes are currently unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration, and in most states there are no restrictions on the sale of e-cigarettes to minors. Use of e-cigarettes has increased among U.S. adult current and former smokers in recent years,2 but the extent of use among youths is uncertain. Data from the 2011 and 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS), a school-based, pencil-and-paper questionnaire given to U.S. middle school (grades 6–8) and high school (grades 9–12) students, were used to estimate the prevalence of ever and current (one or more per day in the past 30 days) use of e-cigarettes, ever and current (one or more per day in the past 30 days) use of conventional cigarettes, and use of both. The survey consists of a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of students in grades 6–12 from all 50 states and the District of Columbia.3 During 2011–2012, among all students in grades 6–12, “ever” e-cigarette use increased from 3.3 to 6.8 percent (p<0.05); current e-cigarette use increased from 1.1 to 2.1 percent (p<0.05); and current use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes increased from 0.8 to 1.6 percent (p<0.05). In 2012, among ever e-cigarette users, 9.3 percent reported never smoking conventional cigarettes; among current e-cigarette users, 76.3 percent reported current conventional cigarette smoking.Figure: Ever electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among middle and high school students, by year, in the United States during 2011–2012. During that time, among all students in grades 6–12, ever e-cigarette use increased from 3.3% to 6.8%; current e-cigarette use increased from 1.1% to 2.1%, and current use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes increased from 0.8% to 1.6%.Among middle school students, ever e-cigarette use increased from 1.4 to 2.7 percent during 2011–2012 (p<0.05); current e-cigarette use increased from 0.6 to 1.1 percent (p<0.05); and current use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes increased from 0.3 to 0.7 percent (p<0.05). In 2012, among middle school ever e-cigarette users, 20.3 percent reported never smoking conventional cigarettes; among middle school current e-cigarette users, 61.1 percent reported current conventional cigarette smoking. Among high school students, ever e-cigarette use increased from 4.7 to 10.0 percent during 2011–2012 (p<0.05); current e-cigarette use increased from 1.5 to 2.8 percent (p<0.05); and current use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes increased from 1.2 to 2.2 percent (p<0.05). In 2012, among high school ever e-cigarette users, 7.2 percent reported never smoking conventional cigarettes; among high school current e-cigarette users, 80.5 percent reported current conventional cigarette smoking. Use Doubled E-cigarette experimentation and recent use doubled among U.S. middle and high school students during 2011–2012, resulting in an estimated 1.78 million students having ever used e-cigarettes as of 2012. Moreover, in 2012, an estimated 160,000 students who reported ever using e-cigarettes had never used conventional cigarettes. This is a serious concern because the overall impact of e-cigarette use on public health remains uncertain. In youths, concerns include the potential negative impact of nicotine on adolescent brain development,4 as well as the risk for nicotine addiction and initiation of the use of conventional cigarettes or other tobacco products. CDC and the Food and Drug Administration will continue to explore ways to increase surveillance and research on e-cigarettes. Given the rapid increase in use and youths' susceptibility to social and environmental influences to use tobacco, developing strategies to prevent marketing, sales, and use of e-cigarettes among youths is critical. Reprinted (slightly edited) from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2013; 62:729–730

The purpose of the research was to study and identify valuable varieties and local clones of winter garlic by the duration of the growing season, average bulb weight and number of cloves, yield and marketability in arid conditions of the RightBank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. As a result of the research, an early ripe sample of winter garlic 8, originating from Zaporizhzhia region with a growing season duration of 104 days was identified. The largest heads were formed in the local cultivars 8 (51 g) and 9 (61 g) from Zaporizhzhіа region. The highest yield was obtained from the cultivation of sample 9 (Zaporizhzhia region) – 12.6 t/ha. It should be noted that Zaporizhzhіa region is the centre of formation of clones of the intensive large garlic cloves and productive variety «Lyubasha» (breeder Zakharenko I.I.). In the control variety «Iren», which originated from clones in Donetsk region, this figure was 11.0 t/ha. The lowest heads yield was observed in the local cultivar of winter garlic 13 (Cherkasy region) – 6.6 t/ha. The best adapted to the environmental factors of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine were the samples imported from Kyiv region – 1 and 3. Their Levis stability coefficient was 1.2. The worst results for this indicator were observed in local cultivar 6, 10 and 14 from Dnipro, Chernihiv and Cherkasy regions, where it was 1.5, 1.6 and 1.6, respectively. So, as a result of research in 2022–2024 local forms of winter garlic with the shortest growing season, the largest head mass and the smallest number of cloves, the highest crop yield in arid conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine have been distinguished. The fastest ripening (104 days) was variant 8, originating from Zaporizhzhіa region. The best results on average head mass (61 g) and yield (12.6 t/ha) were obtained from the cultivation of sample 9 from Zaporizhzhіa region. The share of marketable heads was 74 %. The least of cloves in the head (5 pieces) were in local cultivar 2 (Kyiv region), 4 (Kirovograd region), 11 (Chernihiv region) and 14 (Cherkasy region). This indicator was highest in the heads of variants 10 from Chernihiv and 12 from Zhytomyr region – 10 and 8 cloves, respectively. Key words: winter garlic, varieties, local forms, weather conditions, yield, head mass.

The main goal of the article is to identify prospects for the development of inclusive education using mentoring methods in Post-Pandemic society. Inclusive education involves finding a child with special needs in a mass general educational preschool or school institution, mastering knowledge, skills and abilities in the same time frame as a healthy child. The idea of inclusion is based on the fact that the life of children with disabilities should be closest to the conditions and lifestyle of the society in which they are. The study of the inclusion development in Lviv region was conducted in general educational institutions (GEIs), participants of which were respondents with experience in providing educational and rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. The research is based on the principles of an expert reach and his competence in a particular problem. It is shown, that in each educational institution there are people with different nosologies, 11% among them are without a status of a disabled person and 89% of children have the status of a disabled person. That is why, in order to ensure the rights of people with disabilities, it is necessary to create a universal design in educational institutions, to increase the qualification of the educational institutions personnel for provision of high-quality services for people with disabilities, as well as provision of psychological and physiological rehabilitation for this category of people in Post-Pandemic society.

BackgroundIn February 2022, Russia launched a full scale-invasion of Ukraine, which is the largest European ground offensive since the Second World War. However, the Russian-Ukrainian war began in 2014, when Russia invaded and annexed the Crimea peninsula and occupied part of the eastern regions of Ukraine. This prolonged exposure to war, with its many casualties and massive displacement, has negatively affected the mental health of adolescents, although a comparison of the impacts on adolescents exposed to the various stages of war has not been documented. Our aim is to explore the effects of differential wartime traumatic stressor exposure and displacement on the mental health of adolescents exposed to the Russian invasion in Ukraine since 2014.MethodsThe Ukraine Adolescent Mental Health Study (UAMS) is a time-trend study comprising two cross-sectional school surveys. The first survey was carried out in 2016–2017, two years after eastern Ukraine was invaded by Russia. The second survey was conducted after the 2022 full-scale Russian invasion. Both surveys used the same method and included participants aged 11–17 years from two areas in Ukraine, the Donetsk region and the Kirovograd region. In 2016–2017, we focused on adolescents living in the eastern Donetsk region who had been exposed to war since 2014 and those living in the central Kirovograd region, which was not directly affected by the invasion. The new survey will enable us to compare exposure to traumatic wartime stressors and mental health problems among adolescents over time and between the two regions. Several standardized tools will be used to assess post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and self-harm behavior.DiscussionThis study will provide a unique opportunity to examine the escalating psychological consequences of the ongoing war on adolescents in Ukraine. Such information is crucial for understanding adolescents’ mental health needs, and thus for providing psychosocial support and developing mental health interventions.