Characteristics and evaluations of heavy metal contents in irrigation water sources on a suburb farmland in the lower reaches of Xijiang River in the early busy season of farming

Abstract

Abstract The pollution of heavy metals in irrigation water was related to the management-control of the risk of heavy metals in farmland and the safe production of crops. There were various sources of irrigation water in the suburb farmlands of Xijiang River. We investigated the sources and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the irrigation water sources on a riverside and inside-dyke farmland of Xijiang River. According to sample test results, it was found that nearly 100% of heavy metals that we were concerned about were detected in the irrigation water sources in the study. The box plot showed that the average content of other elements ranged from 1.65 to 43.75 μg·L−1, and the average level of cadmium was 0.02 μg·L−1 in the studied area. According to quantitative evaluation index and analysis of distribution characteristics, most heavy metals were at relatively low concentration in the irrigation water sources, while mercury content was far greater than other elements, followed by arsenic. Arsenic and mercury had become increasingly prominent problems in local irrigation water sources. River quality was more likely to be affected by river water and agricultural activities, while groundwater quality was more likely to be affected by natural causes. According to single/comprehensive water-quality evaluations, the comprehensive water quality evaluation ranged from level I to level III, but the single-factor index evaluations of mercury in most water samples and arsenic in two groundwater samples were of ‘Inferior’ level. Attention should be paid to the monitoring of mercury and arsenic (in the groundwater) in the studied area. The disposal methods of farmland water inflow and drainage should be increased if necessary, and reducing the influence of human activities on the natural weathering and leaching of heavy metals was an effective measure to avoid risk of agricultural production.