Abstract
Biological influences including maternal infections and immune activation, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are all conditions that can affect both mother and child during gestation. Infection during pregnancy can lead to maternal immune activation and the release of inflammatory cytokines which can pass through the placenta to the developing fetus increasing the possibility of adverse neural events. It has been well documented that inflammatory mediators can have an effect on brain development. In addition, the intrauterine environment including chorionicity and placental vascularization can influence developmental outcomes in multiple births. In this chapter, we discuss several environmental influences which can contribute to developmental disorders in twin pregnancies.
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