Abstract
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed shells can be utilized as activated carbon or a biosorbent to adsorb pollutants in water. In this paper, the performance of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed shell (RSS) based adsorbents in the adsorption of various pollutants were reviewed. The most popular modification technique for RSS activated carbon was by chemical modification via wet impregnation and carbonization at 300–900°C and 30–210 minutes. KOH was the most utilized chemical agent for the activation process and the most effective in terms of the specific surface area. RSS adsorbents have been effectively applied against heavy metals, dyes and other pollutants, with the removal efficiency being higher than 70% in most cases. The qmax ranged from 9.8 to 302 mg/g. The adsorption process was either best fit to the Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm model. Knowledge gaps were identified in desorption, column adsorption, thermodynamics study, competitive adsorption, mechanistic studies and used adsorbent disposal. In conclusion, the conversion and utilization of RSS adsorbents for water treatment gives a three-pronged advantage of solid waste management, biomass valorization and environmental pollution control.
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