Chapter twelve - Impact of nanoparticles on biochemical reactions

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a promising field with various applications devoted to manipulating atoms and molecules on a nanoscale (dimensions having a range of a few nanometers). The implication of its developing technology on the environment raised concerns about the metabolism, physiology, and biochemistry of biological systems, mainly producers, that is, plants and algae. Nanoparticles (NPs) enhance abiotic stress tolerance ability and positively affect growth and development in plants and algae depending on various factors like size, nature, concentration, and exposure duration. But it can also have some adverse and unwanted effects like mineral toxicity and the generation of oxidative stress. Interaction of NPs at the biochemical level regarding catalytic NPs such as nanozymes can serve as reactive oxygen species activating or scavenging enzymes involved in plant and algal antioxidant systems. This chapter summarizes the interaction of NPs with such biochemical reactions and their associated pathways in plants and algae. The potential role of NPs, like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and deoxyribonucleic acid cleavage activities, is also elucidated. Furthermore, we have also discussed the role of NPs on plants and algae in abiotic stress management. Case studies are discussed as examples which will serve as a powerful tool to understand and evaluate research paradigms related to NP impacts in this context.