Abstract
This chapter focuses on vehicle braking and brakes. The forces that are responsible for the performance—positive as in acceleration or negative as in braking—of a vehicle are those developed between the tyres and the road. The forces generated by the road and tyre interaction depend upon many characteristics of both the road and tyres. The maximum tractive—or braking—effort depends upon the normal thrust between the tyres and the road. The ratio of the total maximum tractive—or braking—effort to the normal thrust is a constant called the coefficient of friction or coefficient of adhesion. When a vehicle moving round a curve is braked, the frictional forces between the tyres and road become more complex than in straight line motion because of the necessary side forces acting on the wheels. The braking capacity of a vehicle is reduced when moving in a flat turn. If the coefficient of adhesion is sufficiently high, the vehicle can, above a certain speed, overturn before sliding sideways. Internal expanding shoe brakes, used extensively on motor vehicles, essentially consist of curved shoes to which a lining of friction material is rigidly attached.
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