Abstract
Biomarkers are the essential tools for the implementation of personalized medicine. In recent years, the ready availability of powerful tools to scan both the genome and the proteome of an organism have revolutionized and greatly accelerated biomarker discovery. In this chapter, a brief review of how novel biomarkers are discovered and validated and what the general characteristics of an ideal biomarker are, are presented. These general principles are then applied specifically to emerging biomarkers of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
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