Abstract
Many of the carcinogens in smokeless tobacco (ST) products are not present in newly planted tobacco but result from aspects of cultivation, soil constituents, curing, fermentation, and additives. This chapter discusses carcinogens, their precursors, microorganisms that form them, and strategies for minimizing them. Preventing accumulation of toxic metals, eliminating microorganisms and conditions that contribute to the formation of nitrite and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), and eliminating fire-curing and the additive areca nut would be positive steps. Implementation of approaches similar to the GothiaTek standard for Swedish snus—which involves remediating or eliminating processes that produce harmful agents, on-going monitoring, and maintaining maximum allowable levels for toxic metals, nitrite, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organics—have lowered the levels of potent carcinogens.
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