Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are an attractive prospect due to their two-pronged attack mechanism: direct cell lysis and amplification of an antitumor immune response. Paradoxically this also results in their clearance by the reticuloendothelial system when delivered systemically, which is essential for treating disseminated neoplasms or inaccessible tumors. Nanotechnology is paving the way for new carrier systems designed to overcome the greatest challenges of oncolytic virotherapy namely, systemic administration and specific cell binding and entry into tumors. The use of nanoparticles to protect and deliver OV in circulation is exciting, however their success relies on how they navigate the merry-go-round of often-contradictory phases of nanoparticle delivery including circulatory longevity, tissue permeation and cellular interaction. This chapter discusses these challenges and the strategies endeavoring to overcome them.
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