Abstract
This chapter contains detailed discussion on seismic velocity and its derivation from surface seismic data. It starts with the parameters affecting the velocity of the subsurface and definition of different velocity types involved in seismic processing. Then it introduces the most common velocity analysis methods to obtain the velocity from seismic data, such as constant velocity scan, constant velocity stack (CVS) and velocity spectra, with a specific emphasis on the velocity spectrum. Effects of reflection depth, streamer length, fold number, existence of multiples, use of time gate, semblance sample rate, existence of noise, and effect of muting on the velocity analysis are explained in detail along with several synthetic and real data examples. Formation, importance and use of supergathers in the calculation of velocity spectra are also discussed in detail. Quality control (QC) implementations to evaluate the results of a proper velocity analysis are also provided.
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