Abstract
B cells are often defined as progenitors of antibody-producing cells, with a critical role in adaptive immunity. Over the years, we have come to appreciate that different subsets of B cells play diverse roles in humoral immune responses, including modulation of effector T cell response by antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production, as well as in innate immunity; for example, through the production of natural antibodies directed to T cell independent antigens or antibody-mediated FcγR-mediated polarization of macrophages. More recently, a subpopulation of B cells with the ability to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation is increasingly being interrogated for their role in infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer, while gaining traction as a viable target for therapeutic manipulation for immunomodulation.
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