Abstract
In recent years, there has been a renaissance in the interest in brain stimulation as a treatment for refractory psychiatric illness. In the last 2 decades, there has been continued development of neurocircuitry models of the brain, leading to hypothesis-driven direct-to-brain interventional approaches for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Multiple neuromodulation techniques are available, including non-invasive approaches, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), convulsive therapies in the form of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST), and surgical interventions including, deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided focused ultrasound (FUS). Each of these techniques appear to possess distinct neurophysiological mechanisms and kinetics of response.
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