Abstract
Continuous human civilization on earth is attributable to the presence of sustainable climates. This can be achieved through restructuring the strategy for energy production. The use of renewable bioenergy resources balances the earth’s carbon cycle. The most abundant inexpensive biomass present on earth is lignocellulosic biomass, which is used for the production of second-generation biofuels (biohydrogen, biodiesel, and bioethanol, etc.). The main component of the plant cell wall is lignocellulose formed by the binding of lignin (phenolic polymer) and cellulose and hemicellulose (carbohydrate polymers). Thus the chemical structure of lignocellulose is complex and requires different kinds of pretreatment steps to convert to a fermentable sugar yield. Decongestion of lignocellulose is the first important step to reduce the burden to downstream processing of this biomass. It involves the breakdown of bonding between lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose by physical, chemical, physicochemical, biological, and biochemical treatments.
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