Abstract
Bottom-up models are based on deafferentation caused by cochlear damage and lead to central compensation in various forms such as increased central gain or increased burst firing. These underlying homeostatic mechanisms are often interpreted as maladaptive plasticity because they may lead to tinnitus. Bottom-up models are typically confined to the classical and non-classical auditory systems, emphasizing tinnitus as a symptom of auditory system malfunctioning. We cover several specific models, notably the neural synchrony model, the tonotopic map reorganization model, the filling-in or phantom model, the central gain model, and the insufficient central compensation model that completely separates tinnitus and tinnitus + hyperacusis mechanisms.
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