Abstract
During 1859, Brodie prepared the graphite oxide by treating graphite with the mixture of potassium chlorate and nitric acid. In general, graphite oxide is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. With the help of strong oxidizing agents oxygenated functionalities are introduced in the graphite's structure. Graphene oxide is a form of graphene decorated with oxygen-containing groups. GO is a single monomolecular layer of graphite with various oxygen-containing functionalities such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups. From the cheap and abundant quantity of graphite, it was obtained as single-atomic layered material. Owing to the oxygen functionalities, GO can simply disperse in any organic solvents, water, and different matrixes because of its hydrophilic nature. The polar functional groups in the GO make hydrophilicity and solubility, further improves the processing and chemical derivatization. At the same time, these groups degrade the properties such as electronic, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of GO by making structural defects and minimizing electrical conductivity, which further limits the application of GO in electrically active materials and devices. It contains a greater number of oxygen-based compounds such as carboxyl, hydroxyl or epoxy groups on its plane and edges. Depending on the targeted application, GO can be functionalized through numerous ways. High specific surface area of GO-based nanocomposites makes a lot of potential applications such as energy storage devices, sensors, biosensors, biomedical applications, solar cells, and supercapacitors.
Published Version
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