Abstract
Chromium (Cr), one of the most abundant elements on earth, occurs in nature as chromite ore that is used for manufacturing various Cr compounds, Cr pigments, as well as Cr metal. Cr exists primarily in two oxidation states: trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Most chromate compounds found naturally are trivalent while hexavalent Cr is usually a result of human dumping. Trivalent Cr appears to be a nutritional supplement for humans and animals and may play a role in the metabolism of glucose. In contrast, hexavalent Cr is 500–1000 times more toxic than Cr3+, and exposure to Cr(VI) results in a variety of tissue or cell damage. Thus, Cr compounds are of great significance to the health of workers in the industries related to chromate production, processing, and usage.
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