Abstract
In this chapter, we discussed about the nature of astaxanthin, biological functions and applications of astaxanthin, and biosources of astaxanthin majorly from Haematococcus, yeast, and Euglena. Also the astaxanthin biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis including two major astaxanthin biosynthesis pathways, details of gene regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and systems biology of H. pluvialis in trying to explore the genome, transcriptome, and proteome to understand the regulation machines and predict some target genes for metabolic engineering. Astaxanthin production improvement methods were summarized as light density, and quality, temperature, metal ions, salinity, and their efficiency for astaxanthin induction were compared thoroughly. Besides wild-type field microalgae strain isolation and collection, more strain development methods were employed, such as random mutagenesis for astaxanthin production, ethyl methanesulfonate, gamma-ray, UV irrigation, and rational genetic engineering in H. pluvialis strains, with some successful examples. In the end, we predict that CRISPR/cas9 systems will enable targeted genomic engineering of microalgae to develop industrial properties such as biomass production, environmental tolerance, and improved metabolic pathways for the production of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis in the future.
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