Abstract
Neuropsychological parameters of performance variability and response inhibition differentiate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) from healthy controls. Methylphenidate, by blocking dopamine reuptake in the striatum, has a positive therapeutic effect in 65-70% of patients. Based on EEG several subgroups of ADHD are separated including those characterized by excessive theta/beta ratio and excessive frontal beta. Based on ERPs in cognitive tasks two subgroups of ADHD with selective decrease of parietal and frontal ERP components are separated. The specific pattern of ERP change in response to a single dose predicts a positive response to stimulant medication. Neurofeedback has been successfully used for ADHD, while studies on application of tDCS and TMS are still in their infancy. In contrast to ADHD, schizophrenia (SZ) characterized by diverse distortions in sensory, motor, executive and affective systems. Positive symptoms are suppressed by antipsychotic drugs via blocking dopaminergic receptors. SZ is developing during prodromal phase so that defining neuromarkers of this state is of big importance for SZ prevention. No consistent changes in QEEG have been so far reported in SZ, however reliable decrease of many ERP components in SZ has been observed. The ERP neuromarkers predict conversion to psychosis as well as response to antipsychotic medication. The neuropsychological profile of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) reveals local deficits in inhibiting and planning motor and cognitive actions. In contrast to ADHD and SZ, OCD patients show hyper-activation of the medial prefrontal cortex reflected in increase of error-related negativity and conflict-related N2 ERP waves. The serotonergic system modulates OCD symptoms with SSRI producing clinical benefit.
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