Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neuropsychiatric condition with onset in childhood. ADHD is defined by a persistent and age-inappropriate pattern of descriptive symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is frequently comorbid with other neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. ADHD puts children at risk for other psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Although symptoms decline with age in some cases ADHD persist into adulthood. Neuropsychological indexes of delay aversion, variability of performance and response inhibition decrease in ADHD. Methylphenidate, by blocking dopamine reuptake in the striatum, has a positive therapeutic effect in approximately 65–70% of patients. Based on EEG several subgroups of ADHD are separated including those characterized by presence of Rolandic spikes, excessive theta/beta ratio (TBR), excessive frontal beta and persistent excessive alpha in eyes open condition. Based on ERPs in GO/NOGO paradigm at least two subgroups of ADHD with decrease of parietal and frontal ERP components respectively are separated. Patients with the ERP frontal deficit respond to psychostimulants. The ERP specific change induced by a single dose stimulant medication predicts a positive response to stimulant medication. There were numerous studies on application of neurofeedback in treatment symptoms of ADHD while studies on application of tDCS and TMS are still in their infancy.
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