Abstract
Anthropogenic activities coupled with environmental pollution have led to the destruction of ecosystems. The use of chemical approach to remediate the environment has been effective but not without some negative effects on the environment. The use of phytoremediation as an environmental-friendly method for remediation of contaminated sites has been proposed by researchers. Nevertheless, the process is hampered by the slow growth rate of hyperaccumulator plants, due to low biomass production. Modern technologies including genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology comes in handy to augment biomass production in fast-growing plants, enhance their capability to accumulate, degrade or tolerate various pollutants in soils and aquatic environments. This review discusses the various strategies used in transgenic plant-mediated phytoremediation, highlighting the current applications and possible prospects for improvement. The applications of nanoparticles in transgenic plant-mediated phytoremediation as well as the challenges were also discussed.
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