Abstract
The theory of deformation presents a theory that relates the pressure in the liquid to the shrinkage of the network. The pressure distributions and stresses are calculated for gels undergoing syneresis or drying. This chapter discusses the flow of liquid in the pores and the deformation of the skeleton of a gel during syneresis and drying. The driving forces for shrinkage include chemical effects, such as condensation reactions, and physical effects, such as capillary pressure. Fluid transport can occur by flow down a pressure gradient or diffusion down a chemical potential gradient and deformation of the network may involve elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic strains. The interaction of the pressure in the pore liquid and the shrinkage of the network have been thoroughly examined theoretically and the results are reviewed. The driving forces for shrinkage explains the role of chemical reactions and the pressure exerted by osmotic, disjoining, and capillary phenomena. The concept of moisture stress, widely used in soil science, is a phenomenological measure of all of these factors.
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