Abstract
Silicon is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and evidence of silicate hydrolysis and condensation to form polysilicate gels and particles is seen in many natural systems. This chapter discusses the hydrolysis and condensation of silicates in both aqueous and organic systems used in sol-gel processing of silica glass. It focuses on more recent results derived from in situ methods of analysis—such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, and Small-Angle Scattering of X-rays (SAXS), neutrons (SANS), or light. Hydrolysis addresses the effects of processing parameters, such as catalysts, H 2 O: Si ratio, and solvent, as well as steric and inductive factors on the mechanism of hydrolysis of silicon alkoxides and the reverse reaction, esterification. Whereas condensation discusses the effects of catalyst and solvent and the influence of steric and inductive factors on the mechanisms of the condensation reaction and the reverse reactions, siloxane bond hydrolysis or alcoholysis.
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