Abstract
Astaxanthin is known as world’s most powerful carotenoid pigment in the category of nutraceuticals. Astaxanthin possess a strong antioxidant activity due to the presence of conjugated double bonds at the center and hydroxyl groups on the aromatic rings. Microbial/microalgal sources of astaxanthin production have been explored due to higher yields and milder/ecofriendly processing conditions. However, astaxanthin production depends on sources of nutrients and cultivation conditions and also techniques of extraction/recovery from microbial/microalgal cells. Overall production cost can be reduced with the use of low cost substrate and micronutrients using food waste, agricultural waste, etc. Phaffia rhodozyma is a potential microbial source for commercial astaxanthin production as it contains free astaxanthin. This chapter has presented a critical review of contemporary literature on astaxanthin production from waste carbon sources using P. rhodozyma. This chapter treats both upstream and downstream sections of astaxanthin biorefinery. Moreover, this chapter has dealt with intensification of astaxanthin production and extraction using sonication.
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