Abstract
The aim of the following chapter is to collect recent developments that are contributing to elucidation of the role of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in the modulation of some neurodegenerative processes (i.e., excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and peripheral inflammation). In particular, the different contribution of neuronal, glial, and peripheral A2ARs to these processes is discussed. The interesting concept that emerges is the ability of A2AR stimulation to modulate neuronal damage both in a protective and detrimental way on the basis of the specific cell type (neuronal vs nonneuronal) most involved in the particular stage of the pathological process in which the receptor is engaged. Thus, from a therapeutic point of view, it could be possible to delineate precise time windows for the use of both agonists and antagonists of A2ARs for the cure of many neurodegenerative diseases like ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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