Abstract
This chapter deals with the removal of different types of fluorine that exist in the environment. Geological formation is the main source of fluoride in the groundwater. Fertilizers and pesticides that contain about 1 to 3% fluoride, also contribute to its presence in the groundwater. . Several methods have been advocated for defluoridation of drinking water. They can be broadly divided into two categories—those based upon the addition of some material to the water during the softening or coagulation process and those based upon ion-exchange or adsorption processes. Many plants and bacteria have evolved various means of extracting essential nutrients, including anions, from their environment. Such organisms may provide the opportunity to make fluoride less available. Many microorganisms secrete high-affinity anion-binding compounds called ionophores. The ionophores bind specific chemical forms of anions, and the anion-ionophore complex is then absorbed back into the organism for utilization. A bioremediation technology using native and chemically modified ionophores attached to inert support media would give good results.
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