Abstract
Several new genetic modification (nGM) techniques have emerged in the last few years through rapid advancements in plant molecular biology and genomic research. The technical underpinnings of these techniques are diverse, and so are their potential outcomes. Some nGMs are intended to introduce heritable genomic modifications, while others aim to induce transient changes in gene expression patterns without the insertion of foreign DNA. This chapter presents an overview of the technical features of each of these techniques, as well as their similarities and differences compared to recombinant DNA and plant breeding technologies. The chapter also deals with the perceived safety issues associated with the application of nGMs. It gives due consideration to the suitability of genetically modified organism regulations to deal with the products of these technologies. It concludes that the diversity of nGM products may require risk assessment procedures that are flexible and proportional to anticipated risks.
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