Abstract
The pelvis has long been considered the best indicator of sex due to sexual dimorphism in morphology related to parturition. Over 20 different traits have been described for their utility in sex estimation in the literature; however, many of these traits currently used for sex estimation from the pelvis have not been adequately tested for validity and reliability. Despite the multitude of morphological pelvic traits and methods developed for sex estimation, the three traits originally described by Phenice (1969) continue to be the most utilized and most accurate morphological traits for pelvic sex estimation: ventral arc, subpubic contour, and the medial aspect of the ischiopubic ramus. Other pelvic traits to be consistently utilized in sex estimation include parturition markers, the greater sciatic notch, the obturator foreman shape, pelvic inlet/outlet, and sacral morphology. Several of these popular morphological traits have been tested and shown to be more objective with metric analyses or geometric morphometric approaches. A brief history of each trait and recommendations for its use or disuse for pelvic sex estimation are presented within.
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