Abstract
This chapter covers all the aspects of design, facility layout, operation, and performance of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) for domestic and municipal wastewater treatment. Specifically, the design, construction, and operation part presents:–the basic parameters used in the design of the systems in various countries,–the different layouts implemented for small (onsite) systems and larger full-scale facilities,–the various construction characteristics (depth, media layers, wastewater distribution) of systems from various countries, and–the various alternatives for pre- and post-treatment.
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