Abstract
Traditionally, the term powertrain has been used to include the engine, transmission, differential, and drive axle/wheel assemblies. With the advent of electronic controls, the powertrain also includes the electronic control system (in whatever configuration it has). In addition to engine control functions for emission regulation, fuel economy, and performance, electronic controls are also used in the automatic transmission to select shifting as a function of operating conditions. Moreover, certain vehicles employ electronically controlled clutches in the differential (transaxle) for traction control. Electronic controls for these major powertrain components can be either separate (i.e., one for each component) or integrated system regulating the powertrain as a unit.
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