Abstract
Moderate and advanced stages of keratoconus are readily recognized, but the identification of milder or subclinical forms of this disease sometimes remains challenging. The advent of refractive surgery and the development of new treatment modalities for patients with corneal ectasia increased the need for the diagnosis and characterization of ectatic corneal diseases. Multimodal refractive imaging including Placido-disk based corneal topography, Scheimpflug corneal tomography, segmental tomography with epithelial thickness, and Bowman's layer characterization with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and very-high-frequency ultrasound (VHF-US) enhances the characterization of corneal shape and structure. Clinical corneal biomechanical assessment further augments the ability to diagnose keratoconus and ectatic corneal diseases.
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