Abstract
Advances in bio-oil production and upgrading technologies have enabled efficient and reliable processes. The pyrolysis of biomass in an inert environment has been one of the most widely used processes for bio-oil production. In the past few years, the torrefaction process has been developed for biomass pretreatment prior to the pyrolysis process. Compared to raw biomass, the pyrolysis of torrefied biomass produces bio-oils with improved quality and consumes less energy. Moreover, hydrothermal liquefaction under a hot-water environment has been proposed as an alternative process to provide better energy efficiency and unique characteristics of bio-oil and other related products compared to pyrolysis-based processes. The optimization of the operating parameters, including temperature, pressure, time, and catalyst, is crucial for improving the performance of these processes. In addition to bio-oil production technologies, several upgrading technologies based on catalytic approaches (e.g., hydrotreatment and esterification) have also been developed to further improve bio-oil quality for a variety of applications. These integrated bio-oil technologies hold great promise for future commercialization.
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