Abstract
Neuromodulation with ultrasound was first described more than 50 years ago. Recent developments in transcranial ultrasound delivery have renewed interest in applying ultrasound in neurosurgery and neuroscience. Since focused ultrasound is able to penetrate the skull to target deep cerebral structures without damaging intervening tissues, it has been hailed as a potential tool for noninvasive brain mapping and treatment in humans. This review discusses the fundamental mechanisms, historical and contemporary studies, and the potential clinical applications of ultrasound neuromodulation.
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