Abstract
Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves became widely possible with availability of bipolar transistors in the 1950s. This enabled the design of battery-powered stimulators, noninvasive portable ones as well as implantable ones. The initial focus was on external control of peripheral nerves. Later, beginning in 1960, implantable systems for epidural stimulation of posterior spinal cord structures became available. In this chapter we outline the neuroprosthetic advances for restoration of nerve functions in movement rehabilitation, through the past 55 years. Clinical application of functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord stimulation are used for neuromodification and augmentation of altered motor control based on upper motor neuron dysfunctions. Finally, we discuss how developments of clinical practice of functional neurosurgery of peripheral nerves and sensory–motor integration mechanisms of the spinal cord can be facilitated.
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