Abstract
The phosphoric acid fuel cell has an electrolyte made of pure phosphoric acid which is a solid at room temperature but a liquid at the operating temperature. The cell operates at just below 200°C, with the electrolyte held in a porous ceramic matrix. Platinum is used as the catalyst at the electrodes which are usually constructed from porous carbon. The cell has an efficiency of around 40%. This type of cell was the first to be offered commercially, during the early 1990s, for stationary power applications and for combined heat and power. Commercial units incorporate a reformer that will convert natural gas into hydrogen, using heat from the fuel cell to drive the reaction. The fuel cells can also be operated with biogas from waste to energy systems.
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